In March 2024, the EU made history by approving a groundbreaking law on Artificial Intelligence. This legislation establishes unprecedented guidelines for the development and utilization of AI, with the goal of promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical behavior. This momentous event represents a major stride towards the responsible deployment of Artificial Intelligence on a global scale.

The European Union has recently introduced a groundbreaking legislation known as the Artificial Intelligence Act, marking a significant milestone not only for the EU but also for the global community. This Act aims to establish a comprehensive framework to address the potential risks associated with artificial intelligence while fostering innovation and safeguarding fundamental rights. With this new law in place, it is crucial to understand its implications, particularly concerning the regulation of AI tools such as Chat GPT and the prevention of issues like deep fakes.

The EU AI Act, as outlined by the European Parliament, seeks to prioritize a human-centric approach to technology. It proposes regulations based on the level of risk posed by AI systems, categorizing them into low, mid, and high-risk classifications. High-risk systems, such as those used in banking or critical infrastructure, are subject to stricter rules, including mandatory human oversight and monitoring. Moreover, the Act prohibits certain AI systems that could potentially cause harm, such as social scoring systems.

How does this new law address the use of tools like Chat GPT? Does it tackle the issue of deep fakes?

While the Act exempts certain AI tools, such as those used for military defense or scientific research, it imposes requirements on others, like facial recognition tools used by law enforcement. Additionally, it addresses concerns surrounding deep fakes by requiring the labeling of artificially generated or altered content and promoting transparency in the development and deployment of generative AI systems.

What penalties are outlined in the Act for non-compliance? How have tech companies reacted to these regulations?

Non-compliance with the EU AI Act carries significant penalties, ranging from fines of 7.5 million to 35 million euros for offenses such as providing incorrect information to regulators or deploying banned tools. Despite some mixed responses from tech companies, the Act is set to become law in May 2024, with implementation beginning in 2025. As other countries observe the EU’s approach to regulating AI, there is growing recognition of the need for similar measures worldwide, with the United States and China also taking steps to address the challenges posed by artificial intelligence.

Agile software development, some points all must know to grow together… Examples of Agile Methodology. The most popular and common examples are Scrum, eXtreme Programming (XP), Feature Driven Development (FDD), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Crystal, and Lean Software Development (LSD). Teams generally pick one or two methods.

Agile is most appropriate on any urgent project with significant complexity and novelty. “Agile” term is a continuous process of working at each level to improve the project or task for a fruitful/ progressive outcome. Let go ahead to start the learning now…

Agile methodology

Agile methodology is a way of distributing a task in several steps to avoid major waste and boost beneficial progress to satisfactory outcome in project management.
Here a team works in collaboration and is planning as per requirement, changes can be made at any level as the aspect is clear and open for all.

This promotes teamwork, courage, self organizing behavior, discipline and responsibility.
This methodology leads to time as well as money profits. As the pre-planning and regular updates helps in reducing project failure and increases predictability, productivity, quality, flexibility, visibility with high rate of client satisfaction. Also, helps the team to boost morale.

This Benefits to:

Customer : Full satisfaction with all point of requirement
Developer : Productive working and reduction in re-working for same concerns
Scrum Master : Regular tracking at each level of tasks/projects leads to analyzing issues in less time and effective resulting with better awareness
Product Owner : Planning and working done as per customer need, maximum value for deliveries and frequent opportunity to re-priorities the work as per scenarios

Agile Manifesto

Agile Manifesto is a report that outlines the values and principle to be used in working organizations to grow together with high rate of success, and avoiding unproductive working to manage organizations major to minor projects and working process.    

Principles behind the Agile Manifesto

The four guiding principle/pillars of Agile programming advancement as expressed by the Agile Manifesto are:

Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
People in an organization are the most valuable asset before software, as software can be used by the people to generate outcomes and people feel relaxed while talking with each other. During the interaction process each one shares new ideas as the perspectives are not the same for all at all points. Communication is the best way to share ideas and build better relationships along with a best product outcome.

Working software over comprehensive documentation
Before Agile was fully practiced, the team needed to prepare a good number of documents including requirements, specifications, and many more things and was a long time procedure occupying a good amount of productive time.
These are to be planned in the beginning under Agile with a regular tracking process before the task is to be performed. In this way, the developer or team have a user story (brief of customer’s need and predicted result; eg: “As [persona], I want to [action], so that I can [benefit].”) and can cover all points to speedup the working till delivery in given period of time. 

Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Previously, the customer’s role was to share and discuss the needs and wants and the re-negotiations were to be made later if the project’s timeline expires. In this way, the collaboration of the customer in the development cycle is almost nil.
As per Agile manifesto, taking customer’s in the development cycle and asking them with their suggestions and opinion on the project regularly keeps the customer engaged in the project and lends to the delivery as it is required by them. Practicing this will also help the team/ organization to get more ideas to execute in other fields and make you irreplaceable and recallable for other projects as well.

Responding to change over following a plan

The traditional methodology was to make as little changes as possible in a smooth way with a linear path, recognizing that it may cost both time and money. While in Agile, it is a rigid process and the execution helps people in making them ready for new roles, possibilities and responsibility along with working improvement. Agile works in breaking task to small & proceed with regular tracking, and so the changes can improves the management process and catch issues quickly. 

Basic 12 Principles by the Agile Manifesto are:

• Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software
  Client satisfaction – high priority
  
• Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer’s competitive advantage.
  Changes are welcomed at any level of development as the client is the part of development and can share the competitive requirements at any time
  
• Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale.
  Agile work by making long projects in many short sprints(sub tasks) and so delivery on regular period of time is assured from weeks to months

• Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project.
  Interaction and collaborations are the two most important keys in Agile, as it minimizes the rate of confusion and helps in making goals to be aligned for all without much failure

• The process builds projects around motivated individuals, giving them the environment and support they need, and trusts them to get the job done.
  When team is correctly aligned and right person is assigned for the specific tasks, the result will be delivered as was desired 

• A face-to-face conversation is the most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team.
  Discussion boosts the team and helps in breaking many types of barriers. Face to face discussion is best for 100% satisfactory result and Zoom/G-meet are the great platform to proceed for remote working situations  

• Working software is the most important measure of progress.
  Delivery of software/projects with High-quality working is major goal to keep client satisfied is best achievement

• Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should maintain a constant pace indefinitely.
  Consistency and focus are much needed in Agile to get the expected goal. 

• Pay continuous attention to technical excellence, and good design enhances agility.
  Making required delivery is not the only desire in Agile Methodology, one need to know, learn and innovate regularly to bring new updates and advantage to make things from better to the best 

• Simplicity is essential. This is the art of maximizing the amount of work not done.
  Continues working is much required but the working should also be generating good as well as real values to your skills and projects

• Self-organizing teams produce the best architectures, requirements, and designs.
  Single person can handle a task and make the delivery but making a team promotes teamwork and helps the project to make it done in less time with more effective features along with a variety of ideas came out during the project development cycle

I hope this article will be helpful for you... If found so don't forget to share with your friends, groups and teammates... More points are planned to be published soon, so stay connected and also suggest your topics where we may help you further...

The present scenario is not hidden by anyone; people are in a lot of pain as well as trying to survive in this mess of real nightmare, known as COVID. This has disturbed almost every organization from large to small, but still we are fighting with this situation to be survive and trying to get rid of this situation by taking all proper precautions. This pandemic outbreak has led to expansive challenges with business and work. Many have lost their jobs, some have but with no security.

Apart from this, ‘What about the employer?’ Every organization needs a team, planning and people to reach to their goal but without employees it is not possible. Always remember that it’s good to be over-planned than under, especially in cases of pandemic. Now, the situation clicking in every employers mind is How to retain the employees in a post – COVID landscape?

As an employer, you always want to grow higher and higher but also take every possible step to protect your business in all possible ways. Here you will get some major points which are really effective to retain your employees during Covid.

1. Communicate on One-to-One Basis

People’s opinion about the workplace or work culture of your company may vary as their needs are different from one another. For communication, best way is to talk with all your employees to feel like a family and build your trust of being with one in any tough situation like this pandemic. Also by one-to-one talk, your employees will understand the story you are sharing with them about your company and thus, employees will relate the situation with their own life stories like hopes, dreams, goals and concerns. A true employee engagement is fulfilled only by one situation and that is the overlapping of goals of both the company as well as the employer.

Also go for some weekly feedbacks, where the new targets, planning and strategies leads to collaboration among the employees and employers, as well as creates a positive environment and helps in building a re-engagement within your company.

2. Make Attractive as well as Beneficial Programs

In today’s situation, health care is one of the best cares and as an employer, providing beneficiary and attractive programs will help an employee at the time he or she falls sick for some time interval can relate you like a family. Programs like medical insurance, financial incentives, retirement savings plan, child care plan, health club memberships along with training and mentoring your employees helps them to stay motivated and this lead your company in increasing the productivity and maintain the bond of trust.

Other activity programs like annual fest, complaint cell and counseling departments should be organized to understand the mindset of your employees with giving them personal touch-up.

In today’s Work From Home situation, your company should organize some loyalty bonus perks, comprehensive health plans and wellness programs to stay competitive which will surely increase your company’s retention rate in lesser than the time you have planned for.

3. Appreciation & Acknowledgments are the Game-Changer

Everyone loves being valued, appreciated, encouraged and acknowledged, so it is good to celebrate people’s success but don’t make your employees feel down when failure occurs. You must give them credit for their new try, though the outcomes are not received as per demand but by appreciation you are boosting their will power to work with more accuracy. This will give a new energy to the employer-employee relation with a long-way bonding.

People note “Great Job” or “Thank you” from the seniors, manager or any mentors and other achievement rewards for hitting goals, breaking goals or hitting their monthly numbers take them beyond cloud nine. These small efforts to raise your employees can be a game-changer and is obviously appreciated by your employees as well.

4. Flexible Work Policies & Transparency

The working patter is now changed by many companies during this time of COVID where some asked to work from home some provided a paid leave and some half-shift scheduling availability. But this flexibility also increases the work load pressure as the teams can’t collaborate properly and due to this work from home job, many employees faced a lot of stress which also affected their personal life.

To overcome such hurdles, online collaboration tools are declared as a best option where the meetings, brainstorming, project management, and target tracking helps to build trust in between the employees and the company. These tools also give benefits of assigning tasks to the other teammate in case of any problem. By using these tools like zoom, asana, Monday.com in the pandemic situation, company provides an online platform to the employees for employee engagement programs. Such positive innovative steps show your concern about the employee and maintain them to stay in your business with long term working.     

5. Creative Compensation & Opportunities

To retain employee, company should also focus on the employee who deserve fair compensation. One of the main reasons which take employee to quit is a lack of compensation. A target bonus or salary hike are some the best way to retain top performers as new hiring may be quite costly. Many employees feel to contribute more as being capable of doing works which give them good number of opportunities. As an employer, assigning right tasks and opportunity to your employees make them more responsible and also increase employee satisfaction which helps in retention.  

Conclusion

Companies, which take proper care about the employee’s well-being, are more likely to be more productive and have higher retention rate. In an organization, the employees are to be treated like a family. In this mess of COVID pandemic, some points must be noted to know about the life of employees, how are they being impacted by the lockdown’s? How can you help and support them?

Communication is a great way to reach any goal, talk to your employees and make sure that they understand that they’re valued and you really want to retain in the company. Make plans for some regular feedback reviews to know more about the inner talks about the company. Provide them proper compensation, opportunities and flexible work-life balance.  

Acknowledgment is a necessary tool to motivate your employees and your appreciations and rewards will give you appreciation, like a give and take of respect in any company. Thus, to avoid and manage high employee turnover, the only helpful key is retention for a healthy work-life.  

Coffee is a favourite drink for most of the people. As soon as you think of coffee, the flavour reaches in your mind and you want it in no time.  Coffee gives a number of benefits and in 2016, an agency of WHO removed Coffee from the list of suspected carcinogens.

There are so many types of coffee like Latte, Americano, Espresso, Cappuccino and Filters that most of the people have enjoyed! Here you’ll get few facts, benefits and some recipes to enjoy the same awesome flavour but in different ways.  

COFFEE

Coffee is a favourite drink for most of the people. It was discovered in the 16^th century.

Coffee consumption reduces our drowsiness and improves briskness. It also increases our concentration as well as reduces skin cancer and diabetes. It is the most traded item in the world. But more and more coffee consumption may leads to loss of bone minerals.

Coffee has good aroma. Most of the people start their day happily with a nice cup of coffee. Brazil is the top coffee producing country in the world. In India, Karnataka is the largest coffee producing state.

FACTS About COFFEE

• The roots of the word coffee are associated with the word kahwa. Kahwa in Turkish became ‘Kahaveh’ and then in Dutch it became Koffi and in Italian ‘Kafi’. Finally, when the English adopted it, they said coffee.
• Around 225 million cups of coffee are consumed every day worldwide.
• Coffee beans are called ‘beans’ simply because they look like beans, in fact they are berries.
• Although according to the stories, coffee has been discovered in Ethiopia or Yemen, but Brazil holds the crown of the highest coffee production.
• Today, coffee is a drink, but did not always drink it. According to some historians, the tribes of Africa grinded coffee berries and mixed them with a little animal fat and made them into laddus.

What about the Plants That Give Us Coffee?

Scientifically, coffee is a woody perennial evergreen dicotyledon that belongs to the Rubiaceae family. You can now forget that part. What is more important to us coffee drinkers is that there are two main coffee species, Coffea Arabica (Arabica coffee) and Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee).

Robusta is hardier, more prolific, more disease-resistant, and does not taste as good. Robusta also has more caffeine.

Arabica is less prolific, less hardy, more prone to diseases like coffee leaf rust, and has less caffeine. But Arabica tastes significantly better than Robusta, so your gourmet coffee brands are almost always Arabica.

Do you know?

Coffee beans are actually green, until roasted to your preference. The three types of roasting coffee beans:

1. Light Roast, this contains crisp acidity, bright flavours and highest in caffeine.
2. Medium Roast, this contains moderate acidity, balanced flavours and are slightly sweet.
3. Dark Roast, this contains low acidity, bitter – smoky flavours and have least caffeine.

The Whole Process from Planting the Coffee Seed to Your Cup of Java

Yes, Coffee starts with a Seed (the coffee bean).

To grow coffee, a coffee farmer plants the beans (seeds) in moist and shaded soil. This is typically done in a nursery where the seedlings are protected from bright sunlight and watered often.

When the plants are strong enough, they are planted in the field. Farmers do this in the rainy season to let the coffee plant establish its root structure before the soil dries out.

Waiting and Then Picking Coffee:

When the coffee farmer plants coffee, he needs to wait for the plant to mature before he can get a coffee crop. Coffee takes three to four years to mature and produce fruit, the coffee cherry.

Coffee is ready to pick when the cherry is a deep and bright red. And, when the coffee cherry is ripe, there is also a distinctive odor in the field, another indication that the time is right to bring in the coffee crop.

In most coffee growing regions, there is one harvest a year. However, in some countries like Colombia, Arabica coffee has a primary and a secondary harvest each year.

Soaking and Raking the Coffee:

Processing and Drying:

The coffee farmer needs to process his picked coffee quickly. Otherwise, it starts to spoil. A few bad beans, called “stinkers” can ruin a batch of coffee. There are two ways to process coffee, dry and wet.

Dry Coffee Processing:

Sunlight, Raking, and Time dry processing is pretty basic. The cherries are spread out in the sun. A worker rakes the beans frequently to turn them over and make sure that all of them are drying. And, the workers must cover the beans in case of rain and at night so that the morning dew does not moisten the coffee again.

They keep doing this until the cherries are dried to 11 per cent moisture content. This can take several weeks! Small coffee farms in dry areas and coffee farmers without a lot of money use this process.

Wet Coffee Processing:

First You Soak the Coffee but You Still Need to Dry It! With wet processing, the cherries are fed into a pulping machine. This separates pulp and skin from the coffee bean.

Health Benefits: Based on Science

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, and blamed for many ills from stunting your growth to causing heart disease, but newer research shows that it may actually have health benefits. Here are 12 reasons drinking coffee may be healthier for you than you thought…

Some people say coffee is bad for you, they often point to a few things and these are… Insomnia, Dehydration & Adrenal fatigue

• Insomnia is usually a result of drinking coffee too early. Since effects can last up to 10 hours after drinking, simply stop drinking coffee before noon and you should be fine
• Dehydration – Yes coffee is a natural diuretic, but this problem is cured by drinking more water. Which you should be doing anyway…
• Adrenal fatigue – This is not even a real medical condition. Anyone spouting this sort of nonsense doesn’t deserve your time or attention.

Other Adverse Effects

Caffeine (from coffee or any other source) can increase nervousness, anxiety, jitters and restlessness. It can release the stress hormone cortisol, which can increase your blood pressure, heart rate and exacerbate anxiety.

Acids in coffee can irritate the stomach and lining of the small intestine, particularly in people suffering from digestive issues such as ulcers, IBS, and Crohn’s disease. For some, the acidity in coffee beans can cause acid reflux or heartburn.

How many times you can drink coffee in a day?

If you eat calories and fat-free coffee, then you can drink two cups of coffee a day, more than it can harm your health.

The coffee has caffeine which keeps you fresh and keeps you on alert mode for 6hrs, now you consume more than you can also vibrate in your body, 100gm caffeine in one cup is enough for you to keep alert mode on. As per Modern Science, you can take 400mg caffeine in a day, not more than that.

Drinking coffee is one of the healthiest things you can do to protect yourself against major diseases, increase physical performance, enhance brain function and contribute to longevity. With such astounding health benefits, coffee could be considered a natural super food.

Online collaboration tools and software are the ways to communicate, track and analyze the working of your teams with best outcomes… If still not using, try one of the tool and be a part of todays’ world…

Doing business online is now, not a big hurdle for any company… To grow fast in this world, full of technology, the entire basic and important role is being played by the online collaborating tools and software.

Collaboration is a key for a team to finish the task in the given period of time. Online collaboration tools have become the backbone of almost every company in the crucial time of COVID-19 pandemic.

During this Work From Home situation, to make teams to work with the best outcomes, Online collaboration tools are playing an easier, faster and important role. These tools and software has smoothen the working format by providing all major features like communication, projects and task management, real-time editing and much more.

Aren’t you working on any online collaboration tools yet! Not to worry, here’s a list of online collaboration tools that will surely support your team’s need…

Monday.com

Monday.com is one of the best and super easy collaborating tool, which organizes a customized platform for the team to work, can be accessed by each and every one without forgetting any of the minor-major tasks which may affect the outcomes on the deadline date. Some of the main features include video conferencing, calendar management, forums, documents and project managements, task managements, approval workflow, activity planning, application tracking and real-time editing.

This supports on both mobile (Android, iPhone and iPad) as well as desktop (Windows, Linux and Mac) with a help desk of 24/7. As a new user, here you will get live online training, webinars, videos etc. for future use.

GoToMeeting

GoToMeeting is a US based company, founded in 2003 and is best for all businesses with complete package of web meetings, project task management, brainstorming, action item and attendance tracking, audio-video calls and conferencing, news feed, automatic transcription, backup and recovery.

Similar to Monday.com, this too supports on mobile and desktop with a help desk but do not provide 24/7 live chat support. For a new user, here you will be provided some of the pre-recorded videos for further use. Also, you must know that the major alternative of GoToMeeting is Monday.com and vise-versa.

Asana

Asana is most commonly used as well as known software for project management. It was designed by the honorable members of Facebook community to improvise the work management and team collaboration. In this software, people are free to plan, create, assign work to the teammates with deadline and communicate with one other to get clear vision for the best outcomes.

Its features are same as above mentions except the video conferencing, but include board meetings, team chats and voting managements which make the team more productive.

So, till now you may have noticed that any teamwork requires a proper communication, trust and pre-planning before starting any task and these online collaboration tools are fulfilling almost all the demands in any workplace to get better and efficient outcomes. Using such tools, work transparency leads to better teamwork with a surety of team collaboration in working.

Hopefully, the article gave you the answer for the best collaboration tools and software, if liked, do share share and don’t forget to give your suggestion in the comment box below to motivate us.

Thanks for reading…

When the atmospheric pressure is low, over large water body, which means temperature is more than 26.5 degree Celsius then they form up into a cyclone…

What is Cyclone?

CYCLONE: A cyclone is a general term used by meteorologist to describe any rotating, organized cloud that originates over water bodies.

Cyclones, Hurricanes, Typhoons; One Event but different names depending on the location. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific it is called Hurricane, in the Northwest Pacific it is termed as Typhoon and in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, known as Cyclone

You can also classify them on the basis of hemisphere. Here, the northern one is Hurricanes and the southern one is cyclones. There are also a few difference in them apart from where they originated. Like the Cyclones are usually Clockwise while Hurricanes are Counter-clockwise.

TYPES: Cyclones generally occurs in 3 stages

• Tropical Cyclones, when a storm in a cyclone blows with speed of less than 74 miles per hour    
• Severe Cyclones, when a cyclone gets instance and speed reaches between 75 to 120 miles per hour    
• Super Cyclones, when the speed is more than 120 miles per hour    

How Cyclones are formed?

When the atmospheric pressure is low, over large water body, which means temperature is more than 26.5 degree Celsius then they form up into a cyclone.

In other words, when the warm moist air over a large area of static ocean water rises upward from near the surface then they form into a cyclone. When the warm air rises up and away from the ocean surface, it creates an area of lower air pressure below.

It causes the air from surrounding areas, with high pressure to move towards low pressure area which further leads to warming up the new air and risible in order to fill the gaps, as the warm air continues to rise the surrounding air springs into take its place as warm moist air rises and cools off the water in the air forms cloud.

The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grow using warm and moist air as fuel and thus creating a spiral like structure. And this process is known as Cyclogenesis.

After that any air traveling into the low pressure area, has to join the spiral because the air cannot pass through the spiral directly. As the storm system rotates faster, an eye forms in the centre.  

Cyclones die when they cross the land area. There is a misconception that the buildings on land stop the cyclone. But that’s not it Cyclones work with Moist warm Air.

At least 11,982 Tropical Cyclones are recorded in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean. “Typhoon Tip” is said to be the largest and strongest Cyclone ever recorded in history.

Tropical Cyclones occur at the time of maximum solar radiation. In the northern hemisphere, it is during the period of July to October and the southern hemisphere, it is during the period of December to March

What is the Structure of Tropical Cyclone?

The wind field of a tropical cyclone may be divided into three regions; the Eye, the Eye-wall and the Spiral Rain Band.

1. The eye is the area where the pressure is low and this part is normally calm. Also, this is the area of high pressure sinking air.
2. The eye-wall is a dense cloud surrounding eye having maximum wind speed and it causes maximum destructions.
3. The spiral rain bands are the band of clouds spiralling into eye-wall and it contains heavy rains.  

The diameter of the Tropical Cyclone is typically around 200 to 500 kilometre but can reach 1000 kilometre and can grow up to a height of 10 kms.

Tropical Cyclone usually weakens when they hit land because they are no longer being fed by the energy from warm ocean water.

Why Cyclone Tauktae is Unique?

The NDRF has formed 100 teams and they are being deployed in the coastal regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerla, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.  

• Tauktae is the fourth cyclone in consecutive years to have developed in the Arabian Sea, that too in the pre-monsoon period (April to June).
• All these cyclones since 2018 have been categorised either “Severe Cyclone” or above.
• Once Tauktae makes its landfall, three of these will have hit either the Gujarat or Maharashtra coast. After Cyclone Mekanu in 2018, which struck Oman, Cyclone Vayu in 2019 struck Gujarat, followed by Cyclone Nisarga in 2020 that struck Maharashtra.
• Tauktae has been intensifying very rapidly. From a depression formed in the southeast Arabian Sea on May 14 morning, it strengthened into a VSCS by the early hours of May 16.
• Compared to Tauktae’s 2 days, Cyclone Vayu had taken 36 hours to become a VSCS, while Cyclone Mekanu (4 days) and Cyclone Nisarga (5 days) had developed slower.
• Also, the first cyclones to form in 2020 and 2021 were in the Arabian Sea during the Pre-monsoon period, both in the VSCS category.

Why it is having rapid intensification?

• Any tropical cyclone requires energy to stay alive. This energy is typically obtained from warm water and humid air over the tropical ocean.
• Currently, sea water up to depths of 50 meters has been very warm, supplying ample energy to enable the intensification of Cyclone Tauktae.
• The more the heat released through condensation of water vapour, the steeper the drop in pressure. A low-pressure system undergoes multiple stages of intensification to form cyclones.
• Typically, tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) develop during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon (October to December) periods.
• May-June and October-November are known to produce cyclones of severe intensity the affects the Indian coasts.
• Annually, five cyclones on average form in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea combined. Of these four develop in the Bay of Bengal, which is warmer than the Arabian Sea.
• In the Arabian Sea, cyclones typically develop over Lakshadweep area and largely traverse westwards, or away from India’s west coast.

A challenge with re-curving cyclones is that it is hard for weather models to pick them early on – as was the case with Ockhi – and so they pose unique challenges in terms of hazard preparedness and disaster management.

When a Cyclone is named and Why?

WHEN: Speed of a cyclone > 34 nautical miles per hour

WHY: Cyclones are named to:

• Reduce confusion
• Quick identification
• Easier for scientists to keep track
• Build up preparation
• Build up awareness
• Easier for media to report

How Cyclones are named? Who names INDIAN Cyclones?

It’s called the Hurricane if it occurs in the Atlantic, a Typhoon in the Pacific and a Cyclone in the Indian Ocean. And each time one of these strikes in the north Indian Ocean basin, the Indian Meteorological Department is ready with a name.

Now how that does happen?

The World Meteorological Organization has divided the world into nine zones. And picking a name for one of these extreme weather events depends on where it occurs. This process began for some regions in the early 1960s, but foe cyclones occurring in the north Indian Ocean basin it began only by the year 2000 and the Indian Meteorological Department was picked for the job. The eight countries from Oman to Thailand were asked to submit a list of 8 names each, which was done by 2004.

On the list, the countries are arranged in alphabetical order and the names are picked horizontally. This is why, cyclone Vardah that made landfall in Chennai in December 2016 was given a name suggested by Pakistan. The year 2017 began with cyclone Maarutha, the name suggested by Sri Lanka. Then came cyclone Mora, named by Thailand and at the end of the year came cyclone Ockhi, named by Bangladesh.

And even this process by the WMO was not free of controversy. In the 1960s, weather bureaus in different parts of the world picked only the names of women. The practise changed over a decade later after much protest by feminist organisations like the National Organisation for Women.

In 1978, the name and procedure for storms changed and included male names. And the year’s first tropical storm was given the name beginning with the letter ‘A’, second with letter ‘B’ and so on.

Also the name in the tropical cyclones is a recent phenomenon and the process of naming cyclones involves several countries in the region and is done under the ages of WMO.

So, for the Indian Ocean region deliberations for naming cyclone began in the year 2000 and a formula was agreed upon in year 2004. Later in 2018, five more countries were added.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) member countries for the Indian Ocean region:

• India
• Sri Lanka
• Pakistan
• Yemen
• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates
• Qatar
• Bangladesh
• Iran
• Maldives
• Oman
• Thailand
• Myanmar

Naming process:

 13 Countries suggest 13 names each: 13 lists * 13 names = 169 names

There are total 7 ocean regions around the world. Once the lists are exhausted, the panel decides a new list of names. Each region has different member countries.

Cyclones naming criteria:

• Name should be short
• Easy to pronounce
• Maximum permissible length is 8 letters
• No rudeness and cruelness
• Politically and culturally neutral

Other than all this even public also suggest names. The suggested names can be sent to the following address:

The Director General of Meteorology, India Meteorological Department, Mausam Bhawan, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003.

Understanding Tropical Cyclones Categories

The northern coastline of Australia is one of the most cyclone-prone areas of the world. Communities in the region are threatened by tropical cyclones every season, with a very real risk to property and life.

A tropical cyclone’s effects vary depending on its intensity, so it’s important you understand the hazards involved and the potential damage a tropical cyclone can cause.

The intensity of tropical cyclones is described according to the numerical scale of 1 to 5, 5 being the highest rating.

These intensity ratings are based on the maximum wind gusts associated with the cyclone, which usually occur around the centre, known as the eye.

Tropical cyclones can intensify rapidly. There have even been occasions when a category 1 cyclone has become a category 5 within a day.

It’s essential that your plans to evacuate or take shelter are made well before the predicted arrival of the strongest winds.

• A category 1 tropical cyclone has estimated wind gusts up to 125 kilometres per hour. These winds speeds can damage crops, blow over small unsecured objects and cause boats to drag their moorings.
• A category 2 cyclone has estimated gusts between 125 and 164 kilometres per hour. These winds speeds will cause damage to homes, blow over large trees and make it dangerous to be outside.
• A category 3 cyclone has estimated gusts between 165 and 224 kilometres per hour. These destructive winds gusts can rip roofing from buildings, destroy caravans, cause large debris to fly through the air; and the risk of injury is real.
• If a cyclone reaches category 3 intensity, it is referred to as a severe tropical cyclone and is often the point when the characteristic eye of a cyclone will become clear on satellite images.
• A category 4 cyclone has estimated gusts of between 225 and 279 kilometres per hour. Theses winds are very destructive, causing significant roofing and structural damage to buildings, dangerous airborne debris and widespread power failures.
• A category 5 cyclone has estimated gusts of between 280 kilometres per hour and above. Winds at this speed are extremely dangerous and cause widespread destruction.

Along with powerful winds, tropical cyclones can bring heavy rain and storm surge, creating life-threatening situations in addition to the cyclone itself. Heavy rainfall can cause flooding, and it’s not always the case that the most intense cyclones bring the heaviest rainfall.

Storm surges associated with cyclones can have dangerous and devastating effects on coastal areas, with the level of inundation highly dependent on the tide levels around the time the cyclone crosses the coast.

All tropical cyclones are dangerous, regardless of their category; so be prepared, listen to local authorities and stay updated via the Bureau’s website to stay updated with the latest cyclone information.

Like what you read? do share with other and help them too… Also leave your suggestion for more such important information… Thanks for reading…

Morse Code: A unique way of telecommunication, has played a major use in wars, specially World War II, and is even still used today… which sounds quite interesting!!!

How were messages sent in the past?? Before we had telephones, cell phones and internet, the only way to communicate to each other was by sending a physical letter. This could often take a very long time, which means no instant messenger for the people of those times…

How did this changed?? When the telegraph was invented in 1837, this allowed people to send electronic message to each other over great distances, for the first time. “YOU’VE GOT MAIL…!!!” Now the question is…

What is a telegraph? How does it work?

Technically, a telegraph is the device that was used to send and receive Morse Code, so you can’t really compare the telegraph with Morse Code. In other words, a telegraph is a machine that is used to transfer message through long cables, using electricity. People would press down the compass needle onto a grid and the message would travel through the wires and comes out in another location as a message.

Other than this, there were some amazing people that cold just listen to the message of Morse code by making the dots and all the funny noises and they knew what the noises were and they could write it into sentences… Isn’t pretty impressive!!!

What is Morse Code?

Morse code is a type of code that is used to send telegraphic information using rhythm. In this, each letter had a different pattern of sounds, uses DITS (or dots) and DAHS (or dashes) after it to show the alphabet letters, numbers, punctuation and special characters of a given message. When messages are sent by Morse code, dots are short beeps or clicks or flashes, and dashes are longer ones.

In more simple language, Morse Code is a combination of dots, dashes and spaces that together make letters and words. It is an alphabet that has been invented to simplify communication and create letters only using dots, dashes and spaces.

Who invented Morse Code?

Morse Code was invented in 1838… so long ago, by Samuel Finely Breese Morse and Alfred Vail. They invented this code as a simple way to use the telegraph system. He invented new code called, “Morse Code”- which is like a new language!

What is Morse Code used for? Is this code still used?

Morse Code was, and still is, used a lot during war and combat as it is a quick way to get message across the country. The most famous word used in Morse Code is S.O.S which means Save Our Souls. This is a distress message for anyone who is in danger.

Morse code can be sent in different ways. On ships, flickering lights were often used instead of radio communication.

Note on Morse Usage Today:

• The Morse code or CW as it is often called is still widely used by radio amateurs where it is still able to provide a very effective mode of communication.

What is CW?

Sometimes the abbreviation CW is used to denote a Morse transmissions. Essentially CW refers to a Morse transmission using a radio signal – the abbreviation coming from the fact that it uses a Carrier Wave, or Continuous Wave that is interrupted. There is no modulation (apart from the breaks caused by the Morse characters).

In this way, CW can be used to denote a simple Morse transmission that interrupts the carrier to give the required Morse characters. Although interrupted audio tones can be used to modulate a signal, this would not strictly be noted as CW. Sometimes the term MCW has been used to denote the term Modulated Carrier Wave.

For standard Morse transmissions the terms Morse and CW are interchangeable – CW being shorter to send in Morse than the word Morse.

How does Morse Code work?

International Morse Code uses combinations of dots and short dashes for all letters. In addition, the International Morse Code uses dashes of constant length rather than the variable lengths used in the original Morse Code. For example, the universal distress signal “SOS” is communicated by three dots, three dashes, and three dots—three dots denoting the letter “S” and three dashes denoting the letter “O.”

For emergency signals, Morse code can be sent by way of improvised sources that can be easily “keyed” on and off, making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication. The most common distress signal is SOS or three dots, three dashes and three dots, internationally recognized by treaty.

An important application is signaling for help through SOS, “· · · – – – · · ·”. This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight and similar methods. SOS is not three separate characters, rather, it is a prosing SOS, and is keyed without gaps between characters.

What are the advantages of Morse Code?

There are several advantages to Morse code or CW even in these days of advanced technology, digital transmissions and the like:

Simplicity: The first has already been mentioned and is its simplicity which gives it a number of advantages. The overall equipment required for two way radio communications is relatively straightforward and this makes it ideal for ham radio constructors. Simple ham radio transmitters consisting of just a few electronic components: transistors, resistors, capacitors and possibly a quartz crystal can be built and used to make contacts with ham radio stations all around the globe.

Bandwidth: The rate at which signaling is performed is relatively low and this means that it occupies only a small bandwidth. This gives two advantages. The first is that a large number of stations can occupy a small section of the band, and secondly narrow filters can be used to reduce the level of background noise and interference. Coupled to this the human brain can read Morse signals when they are lower than the surrounding noise level. As a result it is possible to copy a Morse signal at a lower strength than any other form of transmission.

International appeal: The use a large number of abbreviations and the formalized formats for ham radio contacts means that Morse or CW can be used by people from around the globe even with a poor command of languages like English that are widespread. Using the standard abbreviations basic contacts can be conducted with a limited knowledge of the language of the other person. This may not be possible using other modes of transmission.

How to Learn Morse Code?

Learning Morse code is like learning any language. You have to practice, practice, practice. Here you will get some tips to be remembered once you begin…

Get familiar with the code

The first thing you’ll need to do is get familiar with what the alphabet looks like in Morse code. Already included the International Morse code alphabet above. Print it off, carry it around with you, and study it during your free time.

Start listening to Morse Code

You’re going to have to actually listen to Morse code if you ever want to learn it. Head over to learnmorsecode.com and download some MP3s of some code. Listen to it and see if you can decipher any letters.

Use the nifty chart

Print off this dichotomic search tree to help you decipher code. Start off where it says “start.” Every time you hear a dit (or short sound) you move down and to the left. Every time you hear a dah (or long sound) you move down and to the right. Learnmorsecode.com has a dichotomic chart as well, except it’s the reverse of this one. (You go left on dah, right on dit). Use whichever one is comfortable for you.

Practice with the AA9PW app.

 This online app will help you practice with it for 10 minutes a day and you’ll be well on your way to becoming a Morse code wiz. You can also try out “The Mill.” It’s a downloadable app that not only allows you to use International Morse code, but also American Morse code.

It is an interesting fact to note that Morse code is still widely used today. It is mainly radio hams who use the Morse, or CW as it is often called. Also some Morse telegraph enthusiasts also use it

Although Morse proficiency is no longer required as a pre-requisite for a ham radio license, many still prefer to use it as it allows communication over long distances with simple equipment and lower power levels. In view of this, Morse code is likely to remain in use in some niche areas of radio communication for many years to come.

Hopefully this try was quite interesting for you, have fun by trying any name or numbers in comment section in Morse Code… and stay updated with exciting skills which were there, but you haven’t noticed before…  

Own Duniya wishes you a very happy National Technology Day!!! Every year, May 11 is observed as the National Technology Day. But, Why is Day celebrated? You are at the right place now, here you will get many important things to know about our nation INDIA

This day marks the anniversary of Pokhran nuclear tests of 1998 and India’s technological advancements in this space. This day signifies the Scientific and Technological advancement that India has made. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, India has developed many new technologies.

The nation has indigenously developed various types of masks, hand sanitizer machines, vaccines and oxygen concentration technologies. Through Science and a pro-people use of technology, India will soon overcome the pandemic. Till that time comes, please use a mask, maintain physical distance, keep your hands and surroundings clean and please, get vaccinated.

National Technology Day 2021

India is observing its 22nd National Technology Day today. The term National Technology Day was coined by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. National Technology is celebrated to mark the successful missile mission in Pokhran in 1998.

The day, which was first observed on May 11, 1999, aims to commemorate the scientific and technological achievements of Indian scientists and engineers. Every year since 1999, the Technology Development Board (TDB) commemorates the day by honouring technological innovations that have added to the national growth.

To mark the occasion, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took to Twitter to salute all the scientists for their achievements. ”On National Technology Day, we salute the hardwork and tenacity of our scientists and those passionate about technology. We remember with pride the 1998 Pokhran Tests, which demonstrated India’s scientific and technological prowess.”, he wrote in a tweet.

National Technology Day 2021: Theme

Every year, the Technology Development Board (TDB) selects a theme for each year’s event, this year the theme of the National Technology Day 2021 theme is “Science and Technology for a Sustainable Future”.

National Technology Day: History

National Technology Day is observed on May 11 every year to celebrate the Indian technological advancements. In 1998, India was successful in the testing of the Shakti-I nuclear missile at the Indian Army’s Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. The testing took place under the leadership of the late Prime Minister Atal Bihari Bajpayee and former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Five underground nuclear bomb explosions were conducted as part of the Pokhran-II or Operation Shakti and following the success, Indian was declared as a nuclear state and the sixth country to become part of the nuclear club. Although it wasn’t a part of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT).

Apart from this, the day also marks the flight of indigenously developed Hansa-3, which flew from Bengaluru. It was developed jointly by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) lab.

On the same day, that is, May 11, 1988, the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) completed the final test fire of the surface-to-air Trishul missile.

Some Quotes of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam to Share

• “Dream, Dream, Dream. Dreams transform into thoughts and thoughts result in action.”
• “Thinking is the capital, Enterprise is the way, Hard Work is the solution”
• “Change is crucial. It brings new thought; new thought leads to innovative actions.”
• “Wisdom is a weapon to ward off destruction; It is an inner fortress which enemies cannot destroy.”
• “A renaissance is imperative for us to once again become a knowledge superpower rather than simply providing cheap labor in areas of high technology.”

National Technology Day is one of the greatest opportunity to appreciate the Indian scientists, engineers and innovators who helps in the country’s growth and prosperity by their work and achievements. According to the UNESCO, ”Building bridges between all scientific disciplines, public policies and society is key…” and unless there is education for all the benefits of science will be limited to a select few. 

National Technology Day Quotes – 2021

The art challenges the technology, and the technology inspires the art – John Lasseter

Technology like art is a soaring exercise of the human imagination. – Daniel Bell

Let’s go invent tomorrow instead of worrying about what happened yesterday. – Steve Jobs

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. – Arthur C. Clarke

Innovation is the outcome of a habit, not a random act. – Sukant Ratnakar

No matter how we advance technologically, please don’t abandon the book. There is nothing in our material world more beautiful than the book – Patti Smith

Technology is best when it brings people together. – Matt Mullenweg

It’s National Technology Day! Our scientists and technology community have brought glory to the Nation with their achievements. We are proud to support the Nation and the technology with it. Lets’ help the world by creating amazing things!

Like what you read…! Leave comments and suggestions from your side and do share the article with others to help them to our nation… Also, Corona-Virus is hitting harder so be safe, stay healthy and stay connected…  

BEST 5G SMARTPHONES TO BE LAUNCH IN INDIA (APRIL 2021).

Upcoming 5G phones in April, 2021?  Wanna be future-ready? You are at the right place. The month of April is all set to be a blockbuster month for smartphone launches…

In today’s world, it’s even impossible to imagine a life without smartphone and Internet. The small kids (of 4-5 years) are having their online classes, which is so obvious that will be attended by their parents because and especially after COVID-19. Other than education, so many sites and apps also provide you everything just by a tap or click.

In few seconds let’s see the what and why and than checkout some of the top smartphones launching in the month of April…

5G Mobile Phones: WHAT and WHY?

5G is the fifth generation network technology which offers you much faster data speed and expected to change the way of work and life. It is designed to increase the speed of internet services, will reduce latency and also improves the flexibility of wireless.

The main reason to get a 5G smartphone this year is the faster speed and also the lower latency than today’s 4G LTE. 5G brings many advantages but probably only on the relatively costly phones.

A 5G smartphone will work as a 4G if the network is not available in your country. This will let you use a 4G SIM card with a 5G network comfortably. Till now only a few limited cities in the world are haves this network access. The superfast Internet connectivity is the main highlight of this 5G network.

Here you will get the top upcoming launches of 5G smartphones in APRIL 2021.

MI 11 ULTRA

The launch date for India has been set for April 23. This Chinese brand phone was globally debuted in Beijing. This smartphone is powered by Snapdragon 888 processor and paired with RAM of up to 12GB.

Besides its 5G support, the Harman Kardon stereo speakers, 6.81-inch 2K WQHD+ E4 AMOLED quad-curved AMOLED display of 1,440 x 3,200 pixels, 5,000mAh battery with 67W fast charging support and tele-macro lens with 120x zooming support are the other main highlights of Xiaomi MI 11 ULTRA. The starting price of MI 11 ULTRA in hometown was of CNY 5,999 (approx Rs. 66,400), roughly the similar price range would be launched for the handset in India as well.   

iQOO 7

The VIVO subsidiary brand has declared the launch of iQOO 7 in India, and the testing of the smartphone has been confirmed but the launch date is yet to be cleared. This device may launch in India with the range around with Rs. 40,000 and has been already launched in China.

 iQOO 7 comes with up to 12GB LPDDR5 RAM, L-shaped VC plate for cooling, 4,000mAh battery,48MP triple-camera system with 16MP selfie shooter, 6.62-inch AMOLED Full HD+ 120Hz display and Android 11 OS.

MOTOROLA EDGE S

This device is available in the European market and was launched in China in January, 2021. The gearing up of Lenovo-owned brand to bring the Motorola Edge S to the Indian market has expected the cost of the phone to around Rs. 23,000.

This smartphone includes the display of 1,080 x 2,520 pixels 6.7-inch full-HD+, dual front camera with 64MP quad-camera set-up. The RAM is up to 8GB, Snapdragon 870 SoC, 5,000mAh battery with 20W fast charging support.

REALME 8 5G

This device could be another affordable 5G smartphone from the Chinese brand to debut in India this month. The details of this was first spotted by MySmartPrice, suggesting the features included NFC support, is Realme UI 2.0 based Android 11, 5,000mAh battery.

And the rest is expected to be the similar feature that was of 4G model other than the internal hardware. Realme 8 Pro pricing is expected to be under Rs. 20,000. Also as per reports, the phone was recently certified by BIS and has also appeared on the FCC website.     

REDMI K40 PRO PLUS

The Redmi K40 PRO Plus was launched in Chinese market in February, 2021 and is expected to debut in India as Mi 11X Pro Moniker. This smartphone comes with a 6.67-inch E4 AMOLED display with 120 Hz refresh rate along with 1,300 nits peak brightness. It is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 SoC coupled with Adreno 660 GPU, RAM up to 12GB and 512GB internal.

Also Redmi K40 Pro Plus runs on Android 11 based MIUI 12 custom skin layered on top,  4,520mAh battery with 33W fast charging support and expected the cost of the phone is somewhere around Rs. 41,600 in India.

SAMSUNG GALAXY M42 5G

This upcoming Samsung phone is soon expected to be launched in its Galaxy M series and the latest information hints at its launch in India soon. The details of Galaxy M42 are scanty and most likely this 5G phone fall in the mid-range price bracket under Rs. 25,000.

Its specification includes the Snapdragon 750G chipset, 4GB RAM and Android 11. The 3C certification further reveals a 6,000mAh battery, 128GB onboard storage, 64MP primary sensor and display of 6.6-inch HD+ AMOLED panel. Rest of the features are expected to be similar to the Galaxy A42 5G smartphones as the details are scanty.

Hopefully you got the latest launches of April 2021, for more such information stay with your OwnDuniya and also suggest your opinion for our betterment.  

Before attending an interview and wondering what questions and discussions you will go through, it is better to prepare and have some ideas about all the types of questions, which would be asked so that you can prepare the answers for them.

Here you’ll get the most popular programming questions of these days and as per my experience, a good interviewer hardly plan to ask any particular question during your interview and the questions starts from the basic concept.

Also you’ll get some coding questions as well where you have to deduce the resulting value or statement. The coding questions can’t be predicted and will only dependent on your programming practice. Let’s get started with all the latest (2020-21) interview questions-

Introduction Based Questions

1. Tell me about yourself.
2. Why you have opted software engineering?
3. Do you know the name of our company? Can you spell it.
4. Who is the CEO of the company?
5. For which post you have applied for?
6. Why you have choosed this post?
7. What do you think about the working of this post?
8. Have you appeared in the interview before?
9. What are the qualities of a good software engineer?
10. Tell me something about your college project.
11. Can you tell me the difference between Computer Engineer and IT Engineer.
12. If you’ll crack this interview and got the job, what extra efforts you will put from your side?
13. Have you earned any sort of certification to improve your learning and implementation process?

Basic Technical Questions

1. Can you tell me some basic difference between C, C++ and JAVA.
2. Which programing language you have prepared for today’s interview? (If many technical skills/languages are mentioned in your resume)

Questions for Technical and Practical round:

JAVA

1. What do you know about Java?
2. Define object and class.
3. What kind of variables a class can consist of?
4. Tell me something about Local, Instance and Class Variable.
5. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder class.
6. Explain Runtime Exceptions. Which are the two subclasses under Exception class?
7. When throws and throw keyword is used?
8. Define Inheritance. And tell when super keyword is used?
9. What is Abstract class?
10. When Abstract methods are used? Give some features of Interface.
11. What are the two ways in which Thread can be created?
12. Explain the usage of this() with constructors?
13. What is function overloading and function overriding?
14. What are the ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
15. Differentiate between yielding and sleeping.
16. What is Serialization and deserialization?
17. What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?
18. Why do we need wrapper classes?
19. What is dot operator? And what is the difference between the >> and >>> operators?
20. Explain main thread under Thread class execution?
21. What method is called by Applet class tp load an image?
22. What will be the default values of all the elements of an array defined as an instance variable?
23. How do you decide when to use ArrayList and LinkedList?
24. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?
25. Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
26. What is the difference between error and an exception?

C Language

1. What is C language? Who designed C programming language?
2. What are the features of the  C language?
3. What do mean by preprocessor as well as protocol?
4. Define token and pointer.
5. What is the use of a static variable in C?
6. What is the use of the function in C?
7. What is an auto keyword in C?
8. What is the use of printf() and scanf() functions?
9. How do you construct an increment statement or decrement statement in C?
10. Distinguish between malloc() and calloc() memory allocation.
11. Explain the syntax for the loop. What is an infinite loop?
12. Explain about ‘stdin’. Can we compile a proram without main() function?
13. Define a structure and what is typecasting?
14. Explain the purpose of the function sprint().
15. Define array. What is the meaning of base address of the array?
16. What is the difference between actual and formal parameters?
17. Explain modular programming. Also what is a structure and nested structure?
18. What is constant and recursion?
19. What are command line arguments? Tell the use of comma operator(,).
20. What is the difference between the local and global variable in C?
21. What is a pointer? What is the usage of the pointer in C?
22. Tell me the maximum length of an identifier?
23. What is an infinite loop?
24. Describe union in C.
25. Write a program to swap two numbers without using the third variable.
26. Write a program to print Fibonacci series with or without using recursion.
27. Write a program to check prime number in C.
28. Write a program to print factorial of given number using recursion.
29. Write a program to check Armstrong number in C.
30. Write a program to reverse a given number.

PYTHON

1. What are the key feature of Python?
2. Is Python case-sensitive? What type of language is Python?
3. What does an object() do?
4. Does Python have OOPs concept? Explain.
5. Differentiate between lists and tuples.
6. How is memory managed in Python?
7. What are the local and global variables in Python?
8. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?
9. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?
10. How to comment multiple lines in python?
11. What are docstrings in Python?
12. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?
13. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?
14. How can the ternary operators be used in Python?
15. What are the built-in types of Python?
16. How to add and remove values to a Python array? Does Python have OOPs concept? Explain.
17. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?
18. What are python libraries? Name few of them.
19. How are classes created in Python?
20. Write a program on Python to produce Star triangle.
21. Write a program to execute the Bubble sort algorithm in Python.
22. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.
23. Write a program to check if a sequence is a Palindrome in Python.
24. Write a sorting algorithm for numerical dataset in Python.
25. Write a program to check if a number is prime in Python.

Web Designing and Web Developer

HTML & CSS

1. Why do you want to be a web designer or web developer?
2. What is HTML? Or  what are the most commonly used languages and platforms for Web design?
3. What is Responsive Website?
4. Difference between HTML and HTML5.
5. Difference between visibility hidden and display none.
6. Define CSS and its type.
7. What is the use of comments and how do you insert comments into HTML code?
8. What is a pseudo-class?
9. Name some of the new media components that are incorporated into HTML5.
10. How are tags and elements differ from each other?
11. Define CSS selectors? Can you name some
12. HTML is different from XHTML. How?
13. What is DOM and XSS?
14. What so you know about HTTP/3?
15. What will be done if an image or a hyperlink is not displaying correctly?
16. What are the different HTTP request types supported in Restful Web Services? Can you explain the purpose of each?
17. Do you about an ETag and its working?
18. Give basic difference within span and div tag in HTML5?
19. Have you gone through our website? Please mention what you didn’t like about the site?

JavaScript

1. Define JavaScript, what is arguments object in JavaScript?
2. How can you get the reference of a caller function inside a function?
3. What is the purpose of ‘this’ operator?
4. Tell the scope of a variable in JS.
5. If name are same then which type of variable among global and local, takes precedence over other?
6. Define callback and closure.
7. What is Namespacing and CORS in JS?
8. How can you reduce page loading time?
9. What is the difference between Canvas and SVG?
10. What are the different types of pop-up boxes available in JS? Also explain them.
11. What is the scope in JS? Name the different types of scopes.
12. What is the different between “==” and “===” operators?
13. How can you detect the operating system on a client machine in JS?
14. Which one do you use the most, CSS Animations or JS Animations?
15. Have you used Git for pushing live changes on the website?
16. Which web development tools do you use?
17. As a web developer, how do you optimize your site’s loading time?
18. What is Type Coercions in JS?
19. Tell me what is NPM and Webpack?
20. What is the difference between ES5 and ES6?

PHP

1. Define PHP. What are its uses?
2. Is PHP a case-sensitive scripting language? How is a PHP script executed?
3. Is typecasting supported in PHP?
4. Tell the basic difference between static and dynamic website.
5. How can a text be printed using PHP?
6. What is the meaning of PEAR in PHP? And tell the use of constructors and destructors in PHP.
7. What are the types of variables present in PHP?
8. Tell some of the main characteristics of a PHP variable.
9. What is NULL in PHP?
10. What is the use of final class and final method in PHP?
11. How the constants are defined in PHP? Also what is the use of the constant() function?
12. Name some predefined constants in PHP.
13. How are two objects compared in PHP?
14. Difference between PHP4 and PHP5.
15. Name 5 popular frameworks in PHP.
16. How does JavaScript interact with PHP? Also does PHP interact with HTML?
17. Give the name of data types present in PHP.
18. Explain CMS. What are the top CMS used in PHP?
19. What are the different types of comments in PHP?
20. How is PHP differ from ASP.NET?
21. What are session and cookies in PHP?
22. How can you open a file in PHP? What are the different types of PHP errors?
23. Differentiate between GET and POST methods in PHP.
24.  What is the meaning of type hinting in PHP?
25. Differentiate between an indexed array and an associative array.

SQL

1. What is SQL?
2. What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?
3. How is DBMS differ from RDBMS?
4. What is a Database?
5. What are tables and Fields?
6. Define all the 3: primary, unique and foreign key.
7. What is a join? What are the types of join and explain each/
8. Define normalization and de-normalization.
9. What are all the different types if indexs?
10. What is a relationship and what are they?
11. Differentiate between DELETE, DROP and TRUNCATE commands?
12. What are local and global variables and their differences?
13. What is a constraint?
14. What are aggregate and scalar functions?
15. What is Union, Minus and Interact commands?
16. What is Data warehouse?
17. Define collation. What are the different types of collation sensitivity?
18. How to fetch common and alternate records from two tabes?
19. What is the command used to fetch first 5 characters of the string?
20. Which operator is used in query for pattern matching?
21. How to select unique records from a table?
22. Give some advantages and disadvantages of Stored Procedure?

Conclusion

Hopefully our CSE Interview Questions guide wass helpful. We will be updating the guide regularly to keep you updated. If our content helps you reach your goal, let us know in the comments below.

ALL THE BEST…